Archaeological Stratigraphy and Environmental Analysis of the Ravne 3 Tunnel Complex (Visoko, Bosnia-Herzegovina): Evidence from Multi-Period Artifacts, Radiometric Dating, and Energetic Microclimate Data

Abstract

The Ravne 3 tunnel complex, situated in the central region of Bosnia-Herzegovina, represents a recently excavated subterranean feature of potential archaeological and environmental significance. This study presents an integrated stratigraphic, artifact-based, and environmental analysis of the Ravne 3 tunnels. Stratigraphic profiles and multi-period artifact assemblages suggest episodic human activity spanning from the Roman era to the Late Middle Ages. Radiocarbon and U-Th dating of organic samples and speleothems provide a chronological framework, with calibrated dates ranging from the 4th century CE to approximately 5900 years BP. Environmental monitoring within the tunnel reveals elevated concentrations of negative ions, low electromagnetic radiation, and stable microclimatic parameters, contributing to a regenerative subterranean environment. The findings support the hypothesis that Ravne 3 is part of a larger, historically utilized tunnel system in the Visoko valley, with implications for both heritage management and bio-environmental science.